Interdisciplinary Journal of Global and Multidisciplinary
MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF NATIONALISM IN GIANT TIFO ACTIONS BY INDONESIAN FOOTBALL SUPPORTERS
This study aims to analyze the representation of nationalism in giant tifo actions displayed by supporter groups Ultras Garuda and La Grande Indonesia through online media coverage. Giant tifo actions laden with national symbols such as Garuda Pancasila, the Red and White flag, and nationalist messages have become an interesting phenomenon in the context of Indonesian football supporter culture. This study employs a qualitative approach with content analysis methods on 24 online news articles from Kompas.com, CNNIndonesia.com, and Bola.net published during the 2023-2025 period. The results show that online media construct representations of nationalism through three dominant frames: positive nationalism frame (66.7%), creativity and supporter culture frame (50%), and critical frame (20.8%). The most dominant national symbols are Garuda Pancasila (75%), the Red and White flag (91.7%), and nationalist slogans (83.3%). Media frame tifo actions as manifestations of contemporary nationalism expressed through popular culture, as well as arenas for negotiating the nation's collective identity. This research enriches understanding of how nationalism is articulated in non-formal public spaces and the role of media in constructing national meanings
Nationalism, Giant Tifo, Football Supporters, Online News, Media Framing
Copyright (c) 2026 Nancy Natalia Dharmawan, Garnika Ade Sinto Raya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
EFFECT OF MODIFIED VOLLEYBALL FACILITIES ON LEARNING INTEREST AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Inadequate sports facilities in Indonesian elementary schools persistently suppress students' learning interest in physical education, yet evidence-based facility modification strategies remain underexplored at this level. This study examined the effect of volleyball facility modification on learning interest among Grade V students at SDN Gunungsari, Dawarblandong District, Mojokerto, East Java. A one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design was employed with 25 students selected via total sampling. Three modifications were applied across three instructional sessions: substituting the standard volleyball with a lightweight sponge ball, reducing the court from 18m × 9m to 12m × 4m, and lowering net height from the FIVB standard (2.43m/2.24m) to 2 meters. Learning interest was assessed using a 25-item Likert-scale questionnaire validated by two expert lecturers from Universitas Negeri Surabaya, yielding strong reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.790). Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and paired-samples t-test. Results revealed a highly significant increase in learning interest (pre-test M = 62.76; post-test M = 85.28; gain = +22.52 points, 35.88%; t = −52.538, df = 24, p = .000), with all 25 students improving and a very large effect size (Cohen's d = 10.51). The findings confirm that contextually appropriate facility modification is not merely an emergency workaround but a proactive pedagogical strategy that substantially elevates affective engagement with volleyball at the elementary level, grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1997
Facility Modification; Learning Interest; Volleyball; Physical Education; Elementary School
Copyright (c) 2026 Findy Sa'diyah Kusaini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DUAL FUNCTION CONCEPT IN DISASTER SALTERS IN MAGELANG REGENCY
The Gunungpring Village area, Muntilan District, Magelang Regency is classified as Disaster-Prone Area (KRB) I of Mount Merapi, facing threats of volcanic earthquakes and volcanic ash. The distribution of the existing 17 Final Evacuation Sites (TEA) in this regency is uneven and prone to neglect due to minimal utilization under normal conditions (BPBD Magelang Regency, 2018). This research aims to design a permanent shelter with a Dual-function concept that integrates the functions of daily public facilities with emergency evacuation functions. The dual-function strategy in this study aligns with the evolutionary direction of contemporary architectural resilience research toward adaptive reuse (Mouhcine, 2025). The research results show that the dual-function concept can be applied as a planned transformation system, rather than merely alternating use of space. The transformation is supported by open floor plans, demountable partitions, folding furniture, and clear zoning. The dual-function shelter is capable of functioning as a daily public facility as well as an adaptive, safe, and easily operable evacuation shelter, while supporting the improvement of community preparedness and the effectiveness of disaster management in the Mount Merapi eruption-prone area.
dual-function; spatial flexibility; disaster shelter; modular interior
Copyright (c) 2026 Iqbal Muhammad Najmi, Amin Sumadyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
REPRESENTATIONS OF PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN PARK TAE-JUN’S LOOKISM
Physical appearance plays an important role in shaping social interaction and hierarchy in contemporary society, particularly through media representation. However, discussions on lookism often focus on beauty standards without sufficiently examining how media texts construct and normalize appearance-based social hierarchy. This research aims to analyze the representation of physical appearance and social hierarchy in the webtoon Lookism using a Cultural Studies perspective. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing selected chapters of Lookism through scenes, dialogues, and visual elements related to body representation. The findings reveal that physical attractiveness functions as social capital, granting power, acceptance, and higher social status, while unattractive appearances lead to discrimination and exclusion. Through the contrast between Park Hyung-seok's two bodies, Lookism demonstrates how media not only reflects but also reinforces lookism and appearance-based social hierarchy in society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilham Taupikurahman, Thesa Izfadllillah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES AND SANITATION HYGIENE BEHAVIOR AMONG WORKERS ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT X
Diarrhea remains a global environmental health problem closely linked to poor hygiene and sanitation practices, including in the construction sector, which is characterized by intensive, dynamic work and is often accompanied by limited on-site sanitation facilities. This study aims to analyze the relationship between knowledge, attitude toward behavior, and perceived behavioral control (availability of sanitation facilities) and hygiene and sanitation behaviors among workers at Project X, using a modified Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework that incorporates the knowledge antecedent. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional study conducted from April to July 2026. The sample consisted of 100 workers selected using accidental sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a TPB-based structured questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 54% of respondents had good knowledge, 50% had a supportive attitude, 51% had good perceived behavioral control, and 52% demonstrated good sanitation hygiene behavior. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant association between knowledge and sanitation hygiene behavior (p=0.000; OR=5.429; 95% CI: 2.302–12.799) and between attitude and sanitation hygiene behavior (p=0.000; OR=6.641; 95% CI: 2.769–15.927), whereas perceived behavioral control did not show a significant association with sanitation hygiene behavior (p = 0.423; OR = 1.490; 95% CI: 0.677–3.279).
knowledge; attitude; perceived behavioral control; hygiene and sanitation behavior; construction workers
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhannad Aslam Effendy, Rusman Efendi, Siti Riptifah Trihandari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE ROLE OF INTERFAITH COMMUNICATION IN STRENGTHENING HARMONY AND TOLERANCE WITHIN THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA
Indonesia is known as a multicultural country with a diversity of religions, ethnic groups, cultures, and languages. This diversity is a valuable national asset, but it also presents challenges in maintaining the nation’s unity and cohesion. Therefore, the application of values of interfaith tolerance is a strategic step toward achieving a harmonious social life. Religious tolerance can be defined as an attitude of respect, appreciation, and granting freedom to every individual to practice their religious teachings and perform worship in accordance with their beliefs, without any discriminatory actions or coercion. This study aims to analyze the importance of promoting interfaith tolerance in fostering social harmony and to identify various factors influencing its implementation within communities. The approach employed is a literature review through the analysis of various scholarly sources, such as journals, books, and relevant research reports. Based on the findings, interfaith tolerance makes a significant contribution to minimizing the potential for social conflict, strengthening national integration, enhancing solidarity among communities, and supporting the achievement of sustainable national development. Furthermore, education, effective communication among religious groups, and government support are key factors that play a role in strengthening a culture of tolerance in Indonesia.
Tolerance, Religion, Interfaith Harmony, Diversity, Social Integration
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Naufal Al Ghozy, Yakub Ridky Syandana, Rafi Irfansyah, Ramzi Ahmad Araffi, Muhammad Haikal, Raphael Kazuya Prakasa, Mochdar Soleman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE APPLICATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF INCLUSION (DEELNEMING) AND THE FORM OF ERROR IN PLACING BUZZER SERVICE TENANTS AS INTELLECTUAL ACTORS IN THE CRIMINAL ACT OF MANIPULATION OF PUBLIC OPINION
Advancements in information technology have given rise to the practice of using "buzzers" to shape and manipulate public opinion on social media. In current law enforcement practice, criminal liability is generally imposed only on the buzzer as the direct perpetrator, whereas the party hiring the buzzer who orders and controls the activity lacks clear regulatory treatment. This study aims to analyze the legal basis for applying the doctrine of complicity (deelneming) and the requisite form of culpability to hold the party hiring the buzzer liable as an intellectual perpetrator under Indonesian criminal law. The study employs a normative legal research method, utilizing both statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials examined include the Criminal Code (KUHP), Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, and Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions. The findings indicate that the party hiring a buzzer can be held criminally liable as an intellectual perpetrator if the elements of the doctrine of complicity are met and the party possesses the requisite form of culpability specifically intent (opzet) in planning, ordering, or controlling the manipulation of public opinion. This study offers a legal framework regarding the criminal liability of those who hire buzzers, aiming to foster legal certainty in law enforcement within the digital sphere.
Deelneming, Party Hiring Buzzers, Intellectual Perpetrator, Public Opinion Manipulation, Criminal Liability
Copyright (c) 2026 Yogi Fikriyansah, Abraham Ferry Rosando (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE INTERTEXTUALITY OF THE MYTH OF TIMUN MAS IN THE SHORT STORY WHY DID GOD CREATE A BLACK CAT? WORKS BY SASTI GOTAMA
This study aims to analyze the intertextuality of the Timun Mas myth in the short story "Why Did God Create Black Cats?" by Sasti Gotama. This study is motivated by the tendency of contemporary literature to utilize myths as a source of creating new meanings as well as a means of reflecting social reality. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive interpretative method and Julia Kristeva's intertextuality theory. The research data are in the form of words, sentences, dialogues, and events that show the relationship between the short story and the Timun Mas myth. Data collection was carried out through reading and note-taking techniques, while data analysis was carried out by identifying forms of intertextuality, analyzing the transformation of myth elements, and interpreting the resulting meaning. The results show that the Timun Mas myth is present as a hypogram that builds the meaning structure of the short story. The character Buto Ijo undergoes a transformation from an antagonist figure to a symbol of a victim of social labeling, while Timun Mas is represented as a symbol of a vulnerable group experiencing violence and marginalization. In addition, the moral structure of the myth, which was originally based on a binary opposition between good and evil characters, has shifted to a critique of identity stigmatization and collective violence. The research findings confirm that intertextuality in short stories not only functions as an aesthetic strategy, but also as a means of social criticism that questions moral constructions, power relations,
Timun Mas Myth, Short Story, Sasti Gotama, Social Criticism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Affan Maulidi Rahmatullah, Imad Aghnir Ridho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE ISSUANCE OF ELECTRONIC COVERNOTES BY NOTARIES IN CREDIT AGREEMENTS IS ABLE TO GUARANTEE CERTAINTY, AUTHENTICITY AND LEGAL PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL ERA
Advancements in information technology have encouraged the digitalization of notarial services through the E-Office Notary concept, including the issuance of electronic cover notes in credit agreements. Although this practice provides efficiency in banking administrative processes, it raises legal issues regarding its status, authenticity, legal certainty, and legal protection due to the absence of explicit regulations. This study aims to analyze the legal status of electronic cover notes issued by notaries based on the Law on the Notary Profession and the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions, as well as to examine their ability to provide legal certainty and protection for related parties in the digital era. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches, this study finds that electronic cover notes are merely administrative documents and do not have the status of authentic deeds. The lack of harmonization between notarial and electronic transaction regulations creates uncertainty in their implementation. Therefore, regulatory reform and harmonization are necessary to establish legal certainty regarding electronic cover notes within digital notarial services.
Electronic Covenote, E-Office Notary, Legal Certainty, Authenticity, Legal Protection
Copyright (c) 2026 Fika Yulia Pratami, Abraham Ferry Rosando (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR), LOAN TO DEPOSIT RATIO (LDR), AND NON-PERFORMING LOAN (NPL) ON RETURN ON ASSETS (ROA) OF BANKING SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE IN 2021-2025
This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Non-Performing Loan (NPL) on Return On Assets (ROA) in banking sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021–2025. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The research population is financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, with samples determined using the purposive sampling method so that 28 banking companies were obtained during the five-year observation period, or 140 observation data. The data used is secondary data in the form of annual financial statements. The results showed: (1) CAR had a positive but insignificant effect on ROA with a significance value of 0.821; (2) LDR has a positive and significant effect on ROA with a significance value of 0.018; (3) NPLs have a negative and significant effect on ROA with a significance value of 0.000; and (4) CAR, LDR, and NPL simultaneously had a significant effect on ROA with a significance value of 0.000 and the ability to explain the variation in ROA (adjusted R square) of 15.8%
Return On Assets, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Loan to Deposit Ratio, Non Performing Loan
Copyright (c) 2026 Sekar Sari, Jack Febriand Adel, Rizki Yuli Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND ITS CONFORMITY WITH GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE (GRI) STANDARDS ON OIL AND GAS COMPANIES ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE (IDX)YEAR 2022-2024
This study aims to find out whether environmental accounting in Oil and Gas Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange is done well, the form of environmental accounting, and the application of environmental accounting in accordance with global reporting initiative (GRI) standards. This study aims to analyze the level of sustainability reporting disclosure based on the GRI 300 environmental indicators in six companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2022–2024 period. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis techniques. Measurements are carried out using a scoring system, which is a score of 1 if an indicator is disclosed and a score of 0 if it is not disclosed. The indicators analyzed include aspects of energy (GRI 302), water (GRI 303), biodiversity (GRI 304), emissions (GRI 305), waste (GRI 306), and environmental compliance (GRI 307). The data used is secondary data obtained from the company's sustainability report and annual report
Sustainability Reporting, GRI 300, Environmental Aspects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Wahyuni, Asmaul Husna, Fattahurrazak Fattahurrazak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
APPLICATION OF ACCOUNTING BASED ON THE SAK OF PRIVATE ENTITIES (EP) IN THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION (PAUD) XXX
This study aims to analyze the application of accounting in the financial management of Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Maisarah Tanjungpinang City and assess its conformity with the Financial Accounting Standards for Private Entities (SAK EP). The research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, with the object of research in the form of financial recording and reporting practices of PAUD Maisarah. Primary data was obtained through observation and interviews with the head of PAUD and the treasurer selected using the purposive sampling technique, while secondary data was obtained from the institution's financial documents and literature studies. Data analysis is carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn, then compared with the provisions for presenting financial statements according to SAK EP. The results of the study show that the financial management of PAUD Maisarah is still carried out simply through the recording of cash-based cash in and out, with total receipts in 2025 of IDR 29,000,000 and total expenditure of IDR 28,000,000, resulting in a surplus of IDR 1,000,000. The institution has not prepared a Financial Position Report, Profit and Loss Report, Equity Change Report, Classified Cash Flow Report, as well as Notes on Financial Statements as required by SAK EP, so that the overall financial management is declared not in accordance with these standards. These findings indicate the need for the gradual implementation of SAK EP so that the financial statements of PAUD Maisarah become more complete, transparent, and accountable
Simple Accounting, Private Entity SAK, Financial Statements, PAUD, Financial Management
Copyright (c) 2026 Rika Apriyani, Asmaul Husna, Rizki Yulia Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE EFFECT OF RISK PERCEPTION, KNOWLEDGE, INCOME, AND FINANCIAL LITERACY OF FEB UMRAH ACCOUNTING STUDENTS ON GOLD INVESTMENT INTEREST IN SHARIA PAWNSHOPS
This study aims to analyze the influence of risk perception, knowledge, income, and financial literacy on interest in gold investment in accounting students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University (UMRAH) at Pegadaian Syariah. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach through a survey method. The sample was determined using the rule of thumb technique which produced a range of 155 to 310 respondents, and this study used 102 accounting students from the 2021–2022 batch as a sample. Data was collected through a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed using multiple linear regression, including t-test, F-test, and determination coefficient (R²) with the help of SPSS version 26. The results showed that risk and income perception partially did not have a significant effect on gold investment interest, while financial knowledge and literacy each had a significant effect. Simultaneously, the four variables were proven to have a significant effect on gold investment interest, with a determination coefficient value (R-Square) of 0.634 or 63.4%. These findings indicate that increasing students' investment knowledge and financial literacy needs to be a priority in encouraging interest in investing in gold in Sharia Pawnshops
Risk Perception, Knowledge, Income, Financial Literacy. Investment Interest
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Ernawati, Jack Febriand Adel, Suci Wahyuliza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE INFLUENCE OF BRAND IMAGE, PRODUCT DESIGN, AND PRICE ON PURCHASE DECISIONS ON THE EIGER BRAND IN TANJUNGPINANG CITY
This study aims to analyze the influence of brand image, product design, and price on the purchase decision of Eiger products in Tanjungpinang City. This study uses a qualitative approach with a survey method. The data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires to consumers who had purchased Eiger products in Tanjungpinang City. Data analysis was carried out using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the help of the SmartPLS 4.0 application. The results show that brand image, product design, and price have a positive and significant effect on Eiger's product purchase decisions, respectively. In addition, these three variables simultaneously also have a significant effect on purchasing decisions. A determination coefficient value (R-Square) of 0.623 indicates that brand image, product design, and price were able to explain 62.3% of the variation in purchasing decisions, while the rest was influenced by other factors outside the study. These findings show that improving brand image, product design innovations that suit consumer needs, and competitive pricing can improve consumer purchase decisions for Eiger products in Tanjungpinang City
Brand Image, Product Design, Price, Purchase Decision
Copyright (c) 2026 Noviandra Noviandra, Iranita Iranita, Kiki Wulandari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY AND INFERIORITY FEELING IN SYLVIA PLATH'S MIRROR: AN ADLERIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY
Body image and self-esteem issues have become significant psychological problems for women, especially under social pressure related to appearance and aging. Although Sylvia Plath's poem Mirror has been widely analyzed, most studies use a psychoanalytic or symbolic approach, so few studies apply Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology. This study aims to analyze the psychological dynamics of the female character in Mirror by identifying forms of inferiority feelings and analyzing manifestations of efforts to achieve superiority through imagery, word choice, and symbolism. Using a qualitative descriptive method, fourteen relevant quotations from the poem were analyzed and classified into two categories: feelings of inferiority and attempts to achieve superiority. The results of the study show that feelings of inferiority are reflected through negative self-evaluation, dependence on external validation, anxiety about aging, and a distorted self-image. Meanwhile, attempts to achieve superiority emerge as maladaptive compensation characterized by repetitive behavior and excessive symbolic control. This study concludes that Mirror depicts an unresolved psychological cycle, in which feelings of inferiority fail to develop into healthy endeavors, resulting in persistent inner conflict and self-alienation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Giandito Ryantama, Zaidan A. Fauzan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
A LEGAL REVIEW OF NICKEL MINING ACTIVITIES IN RAJA AMPAT BASED ON THE LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
Nickel mining operations in Raja Ampat raise various legal dilemmas and environmental impacts, as the region has been designated as a conservation zone characterized by significant biodiversity and consisting of many small islands that are highly vulnerable to ecological degradation. The objective of this study is to examine the legal framework governing nickel mining operations in accordance with existing legislation, evaluate the justifications for continuing mining activities in Raja Ampat under the Mining Law, and ensure legal accountability for environmental violations caused by nickel mining in the region. The methodological approach adopted in this study is normative legal research, utilizing a legislative framework and conceptual analysis. Legal data sources were derived from an extensive literature review, encompassing legal instruments, scholarly articles, and various other legal documents. The findings of this investigation indicate that the legal parameters governing nickel mining have been codified in Law No. 3 of 2020 on Mineral and Coal Mining and Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. However, during the implementation phase, there have been glaring deficiencies in oversight and regulatory overlaps that have facilitated the continuation of mining activities in Raja Ampat
Copyright (c) 2026 Febri Latifa Rahayaan, Naomi Nurcahaya Simatupang, Putri Ramadhani, Nur Aisyah Salsa Billah Zen, Zahra Felicia Farensha, Angel Sarah Puspa Kairupan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
HYPERNYMS AND HYPONYMS IN THE SHORT STORY “FROM THE FIREPLACE, MY MOTHER AND I FOLD MEMORIES” BY FARIZAL SIKUMBANG
This study aims to describe the nature of the semantic relationship between hypernyms and hyponyms in these short stories. This study employs a qualitative approach using descriptive methods. The source material for this study is a short story by Farizal Sikumbang, while the data consist of words, phrases, or sentences that exhibit hypernym-hyponym relationships. Data were collected through observation and note-taking, then analyzed through data reduction, data categorization, descriptive analysis, and drawing conclusions. The findings of this study reveal three hypernymic data points—namely, village, occupation, and school—as well as ten groups of hyponymic data regarding characters, places, body parts, professions, objects, and so on. These findings indicate that hypernymic and hyponymic relationships play a role in building coherence of meaning and clarifying the setting in the short story.
Hypernyms, Hyponyms, Short Stories, Farizal Sikumbang
Copyright (c) 2026 Sari Wulan Dari, Jeni Nilawati, Dedi Febriyanto, Diza Ramadani, Ratna Susanti, Dewi Anggraini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
HARMONIZATION OF ARTICLE 9 OF LAW NO. 22 OF 2001 WITH ARTICLES 17 AND 51 OF LAW NO. 5 OF 1999 REGARDING PERTAMINA’S CONTROL OVER THE IMPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PT Pertamina (Persero)’s control over the import and distribution of non-subsidized petroleum products raises issues regarding the compatibility of the provisions of Article 9 of Law No. 22 of 2001 on Oil and Natural Gas with Articles 17 and 51 ofLaw No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. This study aims to analyze the compatibility of policies restricting the import of non-subsidized petroleum products with the principles of fair business competition and to examine the legal measures that the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) can take against potential monopolistic practices in the distribution of non-subsidized petroleum products in Indonesia. The study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and case-based approaches, analyzed qualitatively through a literature review. The results of the study indicate that Pertamina’s control over the import and distribution of fuel is justifiable as long as it meets the exceptions stipulated in Article 51 of Law No. 5 of 1999 and is carried out in the public interest without resulting in the abuse of a dominant position. The KPPU retains the authority to conduct oversight and enforce the law if anti-competitive practices are found that fall outside the scope of these exemptions. Therefore, harmonization of the two laws is necessary to ensure legal certainty, healthy business competition, and national energy security
Legal Harmonization, Non-Subsidized Fuel, Business Competition, Pertamina, KPPU.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifky Ramadhan Asmono, Tomy Michael (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
STATE LEGAL LIABILITY REGARDING LOSSES INCURRED BY STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES UNDER ARTICLE 4B OF LAW NUMBER 1 OF 2025, IN RELATION TO ARTICLE 2G OF LAW NUMBER 17 OF 2003 CONCERNING STATE FINANCES
The amendment to the legal framework governing State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) through Article 4B of Law Number 1 of 2025 has raised legal issues regarding the status of separated state assets and the State's legal liability for losses incurred in SOE management. Meanwhile, Article 2 letter (g) of Law Number 17 of 2003 on State Finance continues to classify separated state assets as part of state finances. This regulatory inconsistency creates legal uncertainty in determining whether SOE losses constitute state losses and in defining the State's legal liability. This study aims to analyze the State's legal liability under Article 4B of Law Number 1 of 2025 in relation to Article 2 letter (g) of Law Number 17 of 2003 and to formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings reveal that Law Number 17 of 2003 treats separated state assets as state finances, whereas Law Number 1 of 2025 emphasizes corporate governance principles and the corporate legal status of SOEs. This divergence may create uncertainty regarding the classification of SOE losses and the limits of the State's legal liability. The State should only be held legally liable for losses resulting from abuse of authority, unlawful acts, negligence, or violations of state financial management and good corporate governance principles
State Legal Liability, State Losses, Separated State Assets, State-Owned Enterprises, Legal Harmonization
Copyright (c) 2026 Anak Agung Indrayana Kaniskayadnya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
TELEMEDICINE LEGAL LIABILITY THE ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD IN INDONESIA
Advancements in information technology have transformed healthcare services through the implementation of telemedicine. While telemedicine expands access to healthcare, it also raises legal challenges regarding the management of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), which contain confidential personal and health data requiring adequate legal protection. Data breaches, misuse, or unauthorized access may harm patients and create issues of legal liability. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing electronic medical records in telemedicine services in Indonesia and to examine the legal responsibilities arising from violations involving EMRs. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, and analyzed qualitatively using a deductive approach. The findings show that the legal framework is regulated under Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions, and Minister of Health Regulation Number 24 of 2022 concerning Medical Records. However, these regulations do not explicitly allocate legal responsibilities among healthcare professionals, healthcare facilities, and electronic system providers in cases of EMR violations. Therefore, regulatory harmonization is necessary to ensure legal certainty and strengthen the protection of patients' health data in telemedicine services in Indonesia
Legal Liability, Telemedicine, Electronic Medical Records, Personal Data Protection, Healthcare Law
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Lutvita Sari, Merline Eva Lyanthi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CHILD PERPETRATORS OF THEFT DUE TO BRAINWASHING BY THEIR PARENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF PARENTAL CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN CRIMINAL LAW
Children who commit theft do not always act freely; their conduct may result from psychological domination or brainwashing by their own parents, undermining their capacity for independent decision-making. This raises questions about the extent of a child's criminal responsibility and whether manipulative parents can themselves be held liable. This study, using a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, examines the legal protection available to such child offenders and the possibility of parental criminal liability under Indonesian law. Findings show that children who steal due to sustained parental psychological domination should be treated as victims of exploitation rather than independent offenders, entitled to protection under the best interests of the child principle within Indonesia's Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Parents who deliberately shape a child's intent to steal may be held liable under the doctrine of criminal participation, particularly as indirect perpetrators (doen pleger) or instigators (uitlokker), provided intent, psychological control, and causal links to the offense are established. The study concludes that brainwashing should be recognized as a legally relevant form of psychological domination in determining criminal liability, strengthening child protection while ensuring parental accountability
Legal Protection, Child, Brainwashing, Criminal Liability
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanesa Adelya Winarko, Abraham Ferry Rosando (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: KIDNAPPING VENEZUELAN PRESIDENT NICOLAS MADURO
This study aims to analyze the provisions of international criminal law regarding the kidnapping of heads of state and to examine whether such acts can be categorized as violations of international law and human rights. The urgency of this research lies in the importance of maintaining a balance between efforts to eradicate international crimes and respect for the fundamental principles of international law. The alleged kidnapping of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro has become a significant issue in the study of international criminal law because it has sparked debate about the boundaries between the enforcement of international law and respect for state sovereignty. The issues examined include the legality of kidnapping a sitting head of state and its implications for the principles of state sovereignty, non-intervention, and the immunity of the head of state. The research method employed is normative legal research, utilizing a normative juridical, conceptual, and case study approach through an analysis of various international legal instruments, doctrines, and relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that the act of kidnapping or forcibly arresting a head of state without the consent of the concerned state and without a legitimate international legal mechanism constitutes a violation of the principles of state sovereignty, non-intervention, and the immunity of the head of state. Law enforcement regarding alleged international crimes must be carried out through mechanisms recognized by international law
International Criminal Law, Kidnapping of a Head of State, Nicolás Maduro, State Sovereignty, Immunity of The Head of State.
Copyright (c) 2026 Richard Christian, John Patrick Putra Kusumo, Hardi Susilo, Rafi Zulri Amar, Muhammad Ryanda Alfitra, Muhammad Argya Yusuf Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
TRADEMARK PROTECTION AS A LEGAL INSTRUMENT FOR EMPOWERING SMES: A STUDY ON THE DISSEMINATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AT NAYLAHANDWERK AND THE DEWI LESTARI BUFFET RESTAURANT IN SAMARINDA
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in the national economy, yet structurally they still face latent weaknesses in intellectual property legal protection, particularly regarding trademark registration. This study aims to analyze the level of legal awareness among MSME operators regarding trademark registration while measuring the effectiveness of legal outreach as a tool to enhance business owners’ understanding. Two MSMEs in Samarinda—Naylahandwerk and Rumah Makan Prasmanan Dewi Lestari—were selected as the subjects of this study, using a participatory-educational approach for the outreach program. The results show that prior to the intervention, both business owners had very low legal awareness due to scaled misperceptions, psychological and bureaucratic barriers, and inaccurate cost assumptions. Following the outreach, there was a significant increase in understanding and a growing commitment to immediately register their trademarks officially. Structured and contextual legal outreach proved effective as a catalyst for behavioral change regarding legal compliance among SME operators
Trademark Registration, SMEs, Intellectual Property Rights, Legal Awareness Campaign, Trademark Protection
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyudianto Wahyudianto, Risma Indrawati, Lailatul Mubarokah, Adinda Salsabila, Trisna Ariyatna, Reynanda Aditya Rionaldy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE IMPACT OF PIG FARMING ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN TEGAL SARI MANDALA II VILLAGE, MEDAN DENAI DISTRICT, MEDAN CITY
This study aims to determine the impact of the existence of pig farming on environmental conditions in Tegal Sari Mandala II Village, Medan Denai District, Medan City. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that the existence of pig farming has a negative impact on the community's environment, especially in the form of unpleasant odors, noise from livestock voices, and pollution of livestock waste. This impact is most felt by people who live close to the location of the farm. In addition to negative impacts, pig farming also provides economic benefits for farmers and has the potential to use waste as organic fertilizer and biogas. However, the suboptimal waste management causes the community to still feel disturbed by the existence of the farm. Therefore, better waste management and government supervision are needed so that negative impacts on the environment can be minimized
Pig Farm, Environment, Waste, Odor, Noise.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christin Eva S, Nina Novira (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE PHENOMENON OF OVERTHINKING AMONG GENERATION Z IN FACING FUTURE UNCERTAINTY: A SIMPLE REVIEW FROM A MENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Rapid technological advancement and social change have made Generation Z a group living amid various dynamics and uncertainties. This condition has given rise to a range of mental health problems, one of which is the phenomenon of overthinking, or excessive thinking about a problem. This article aims to examine the phenomenon of overthinking among Generation Z in facing future uncertainty from a mental health perspective. The method used is a literature review, examining various national and international scientific articles published over the past five years. The results of the review show that overthinking among Generation Z is influenced by several factors, such as academic pressure, social demands, excessive social media use, and anxiety about the future. This condition contributes to increased stress, sleep disturbances, anxiety, decreased productivity, and even depression. Therefore, improved mental health literacy, social support, and the ability to regulate emotions and practice mindfulness are needed to help Generation Z face future uncertainty more adaptively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najla Salsabila Wandapradita, Desy Safitri, Sujarwo Sujarwo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RISK PERCEPTION ON STOCK INVESTMENT DECISIONS AMONG RETAIL INVESTORS IN MEDAN, INDONESIA
The Indonesian capital market has undergone a structural transformation between 2020 and 2026, with the number of registered single-investor identifications (SIDs) surpassing 15 million by early 2026 and the retail segment—dominated by Generation Z and Millennial cohorts accounting for more than 55 per cent of daily equity turnover. Despite the democratization of market access through digital brokerage applications, artificial-intelligence-based advisory tools, and social-media-mediated information flows, the national financial-literacy index remains modest and behavioural biases continue to shape trading outcomes. This study examines the direct effects of financial literacy and risk perception on stock investment decisions among retail investors, and evaluates the relative importance of each construct in an emerging-market post-pandemic context. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 412 retail investors registered with the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and domiciled in Medan, North Sumatra. Purposive sampling was applied. Constructs were operationalized through reflective indicators adapted from recent Scopus-indexed studies (2021–2026) and measured on a five-point Likert scale. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was performed using SmartPLS 4, including assessment of the measurement model (loadings, CR, AVE, HTMT) and the structural model (path coefficients, f², Q²_predict, bootstrapping with 10,000 subsamples), complemented by Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA). Financial literacy (β = 0.342, p < 0.001) and risk perception (β = 0.286, p < 0.001) both exert positive and statistically significant effects on stock investment decisions.
Financial Literacy, Risk Perception, Investment Decision, Retail Investors, Behavioural Finance,
Copyright (c) 2026 Sudarsono Sudarsono, Lina Arliana Nur Kadim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
SELF-CONTROL AND CONSUMPTIVE BUYING BEHAVIOR TOWARD VIRAL FOOD AMONG FEMALE TIKTOK USERS STUDENTS IN INDONESIA
Female university students often face various social media influences that affect their daily consumption patterns, particularly in purchasing viral food on TikTok. Exposure to FYP content, attractive promotions, recommendations from food vloggers, and the urge to follow trends can increase consumptive buying behavior. This study aimed to examine the relationship between self-control and consumptive buying behavior in purchasing viral food on TikTok among undergraduate psychology female students at State University of Surabaya. This research employed a quantitative correlational approach, involving female undergraduate students selected using purposive sampling techniques, and the data were analyzed using Spearman correlation test. The results indicated a significant negative relationship between self-control and consumptive behavior with a Spearman correlation coefficient of -0.584 (p < 0.001). This finding indicates that higher self-control is associated with lower consumptive behavior in purchasing viral food on TikTok. These findings indicate that higher self-control is associated with lower consumptive buying behavior toward viral food on TikTok
Self-control, Consumptive behavior, TikTok, Female students
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Hafidz Andika Pratama, Desi Nurwidawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
LEGAL PROTECTION OF TOBACCO FARMERS’ RIGHT TO A DECENT LIVELIHOOD FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HIGH CIGARETTE EXCISE TAX POLICY
The tobacco industry is a strategic sector in the Indonesian economy that contributes to government revenue through excise tax policies and serves as a source of livelihood for the community, including tobacco farmers. However, the government’s policy of raising cigarette excise tax rates—as a tool to control tobacco consumption and increase government revenue—has implications for the economic sustainability of tobacco farmers. Significant increases in excise tax rates have the potential to reduce industrial demand for tobacco raw materials, put downward pressure on the selling price of the harvest, and create uncertainty regarding farmers’ incomes. These conditions raise legal issues regarding the protection of tobacco farmers’ rights to a decent standard of living, as guaranteed by the principle of protecting the economic and social rights of the people. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of tobacco farmers’ right to a decent livelihood from the perspective of high cigarette excise tax policies and to examine the balance between tobacco consumption control policies and the protection of farmers’ welfare. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. This study utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicate that the policy of increasing cigarette excise tax rates has a legitimate basis as a fiscal and public health policy; however, its implementation must still uphold the principles of justice and protection for directly affected groups, particularly tobacco farmers
Legal Protection; Tobacco Farmers; Cigarette Excise Tax Rates
Copyright (c) 2026 Berlia Aura Akhtar Shakila, Merline Eva Lyanthi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
THE ROLE OF HOUSEKEEPING IN IMPROVING HOTEL SERVICE QUALITY
The hospitality industry is a service sector that prioritizes customer satisfaction through quality service. Amid increasingly fierce competition in the hotel business, every hotel is required to provide the best service to ensure guests’ comfort and satisfaction. Housekeeping is one of the key departments in hotel operations, responsible for maintaining the cleanliness, tidiness, comfort, and aesthetic appeal of the hotel premises. The quality of service provided by Housekeeping directly influences guest satisfaction levels. This study aims to analyze the role of Housekeeping in improving hotel service quality. The method used in this study is a literature review drawing on various relevant sources. The results of the study indicate that Housekeeping plays a crucial role in creating a clean, comfortable, and safe hotel environment, thereby enhancing guest satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, improving the competence of Housekeeping staff and implementing proper standard operating procedures (SOPs) are essential for maintaining the quality of hotel service
Housekeeping, Service Quality, Hotel, Guest Satisfaction, Hotel Operations
Copyright (c) 2026 M Rizqy Aditya, Agnes Reony Herawati, Indah Tiara Khairunisa, Tria Seftiani, Kasmin Kasmin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
FORMS OF LEGAL LIABILITY THAT MAY BE IMPOSED ON HOSPITALS FOR THE CONSEQUENCES OF DENYING EMERGENCY CARE DUE TO ADMINISTRATIVE OBSTACLES RELATED TO A PATIENT'S SOCIAL SECURITY COVERAGE, RESULTING IN DEATH OR DISABILITY
Hospitals are obligated to provide emergency care to all patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status or the extent to which their health insurance is fully covered. Nevertheless, there are still cases where patients are denied emergency care due to administrative limitations in social security coverage, resulting in their death or disability. Regarding hospitals’ obligation to provide medical care and the potential legal consequences of such a refusal, this scenario raises important legal questions. The purpose of this study is to examine the rules and regulations that hospitals must follow when treating emergency patients, regardless of their social security status, and to identify the types of legal consequences hospitals may face when a patient dies or becomes disabled as a result of being denied emergency care. A normative legal research approach based on legal and conceptual frameworks was employed in this study. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources were all considered in the subsequent qualitative analysis. According to the study’s findings, hospitals are legally obligated to provide emergency care services in accordance with a number of laws and regulations pertaining to the healthcare industry. If a patient suffers harm—such as death or disability—as a result of the refusal to provide emergency care under the social security system, the hospital may be held administratively, civilly, and criminally liable. Ensuring that patients’ rights to timely, appropriate, and non-discriminatory health care are upheld requires efficient oversight and strong law enforcement
Hospitals; Emergency Services; Social Security; Legal Liability; Patient Protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Islahhuddin, I Gde Sandy Satria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1